If your motor is hot to the touch it may raise the thermometer’s mercury as well as red flags. The excessive heat produced by your motor is a sign of inefficiency and symptomatic of motor damage. In this blog post we will walk through common signs, causes and fixes to an overheating motor.
Let It Breathe
A motor that cannot breathe is a motor that cannot perform. Because this is an electric motor we may forget that it needs ventilation for it to function efficiently. An internal combustion engine requires fresh air to aid in firing its cylinders; whereas an electric motor requires air to keep it within an optimal operational temperature. If a motor begins to overheat, it can cause damage to the motor’s internals, shortening its life. As stated before, the generated heat is wasted energy being burned off before it can be put to good use.
These vents are a motor’s lungs. It breathes in air to keep the copper windings and essential electrical parts cool. Stuffy pool rooms without sufficient air venting can stifle a motor, rendering a death sentence. Other common causes of improper ventilation are bushes and undergrowth that crowd a motor, suffocating the crossbreeze that aids in a motor’s cooling.
The Fix: If you have an enclosed pool room make sure ventilation of the room is open and active. It may be as simple as leaving the door open or flipping open a register vent. For encroaching greenery, do the necessary trim back of branches and weeds during lawncare.
Low Voltage = High Temperature
Did you know that unusually low voltage can raise the operational temperature of a motor? At first glance, this fact seems counterintuitive, but it is true. If the applied volts are 10 percent lower than the motor’s nameplate voltage, the motor will overheat and lead to a premature failure.
A pump motor requires a set voltage and current threshold to run properly. If either one of these ingredients is out of line, the motor will lean heavily on the other to compensate. When a motor is set for 115 volts but only able to draw 95 volts, it compensates by drawing more amps. The increasing amp draw raises the copper windings’ temperature which is the cause of your motor acting like an Easy Bake Oven. Copper is a great conductor but it is not a durable metal where excessive heat is a concern. Prolonged exposure to overheating will damage the copper windings and the varnish finish rendering it useless. A rebuild of the motor is possible but still costly.
Other signs of low voltage are continuous start capacitor failure and slow motor acceleration. If your motor makes a sound similar to a roller coaster’s slow ascent then sudden quick rev, your voltage may be the cause. This is a sign the motor is unable to gain the necessary charge to “kick-start” so it does a slow rolling start. The scenario is similar to a manual gear car being push started after a stall. If your motor’s start capacitor is always on the fritz, chances are it is not the part but the voltage being sent to it. The lower voltage causes the capacitor to overwork and eventually fail.
The Fix: For you DIYers out there, Test Your Pool Pump Motor with a Voltmeter to the electrical leads providing the charge to the motor. If it is outside of the 10% comfort zone then we have found the problem. Have a qualified electrician check your home’s power grid for other appliances or pool equipment siphoning volts. If this does not find the cause you will need to contact your electric company to have them survey your power source.
Impeller Overload
Have you recently replaced your motor with a lower HP and have noticed the new motor is overheating? Ask yourself this question, did I replace the impeller too? If the answer is no then impeller overload could be the source.The step of reducing a pump’s horsepower is taken to lower flow rate but more commonly is used to lower energy consumption. A common mistake made by professionals and DIY-ers is forgetting to change the impeller when reducing a motor’s HP.
When we think of a pump pulling and pushing water, we may believe a motor’s horsepower is the only thing affecting the pump’s flow rate. This is not true. We forget about the impeller which is the real force behind the pump. The impeller is a vented disk screwed to the motor’s shaft tip. Its purpose is to transform the spinning power of the motor into water pulling force to circulate the pool. I hate to use another car analogy but it is to the pump motor what the transmission is to a car engine. The engine can rev til its heart’s content but if it does not have a transmission to transform its torque to usable force, it is all for naught.
Theory and practice state that the larger the impeller, the larger the motor needed to spin it. The forces of drag caused by the water demand a higher horsepower to produce the torque needed to maintain 3450 RPMs. The funny thing about impellers is that they do not know nor care that you switched a 2 HP motor for a 1.5 HP. That impeller is going to try to pull the same amount of water as before, leaving that smaller motor to overwork, heat up and go kaput.
The Fix: If reducing the motor horsepower on a pump be sure to switch out the impeller as well. If you are unsure how to replace the impeller or which impeller to buy, give our techs a call at 877-372-6038.
Impeller Friction
An impeller can take a walloping during its tour of duty in a pump. It is up against extreme centrifugal force, water dynamics and the odd debris smashing against its face. These hazards of the job can lead to a scoured, cracked or broken impeller. A symptom of this can be one of two things. First, a sound of churning debris inside of the pump, like a bingo ball hopper filled with marbles. Or second, an impeller can bend or skew causing it to rub against the pump’s diffuser or housing. The major symptoms are a whirring, grinding noise or a hot motor. The heat is caused by an overworked motor attempting to compensate for the extra drag.
The Fix: There is no work-around solution for this; the impeller must be replaced as soon as possible. For guidance on what that process entails, have a look at our how to guide: How to Replace a Pool Pump Impeller or How to Clean a Pool Pump Impeller
Ok, that is it folks. If you are still flustered, flummoxed, or flabbergasted by the world of overheating pump motors, do not hesitate to call us at 877-372-6038.
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